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	<title>MATH206 : Probabilités et Statistiques - Historique des versions</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-21T05:46:24Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=5235&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Quentinscott le 30 mai 2011 à 10:07</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=5235&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2011-05-30T10:07:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 mai 2011 à 10:07&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 259 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 259 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Intervalle de confiance==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Intervalle de confiance==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://cvresumewritingservices.org/ Resumes]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Quentinscott</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3805&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli le 10 février 2009 à 12:53</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3805&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-02-10T12:53:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 10 février 2009 à 12:53&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 2 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 2 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD1-MATH206.pdf 1] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD1-MATH206.pdf 1] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD2-MATH206.pdf 2] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD2-MATH206.pdf 2] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD3-MATH206.pdf 3] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Introduction==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Introduction==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3775&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3775&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T14:03:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 14:03&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 125 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 125 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{1 \leq i, j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{1 \leq i, j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; D&#039;où&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X)) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X)) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &amp;amp;=\frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n E(A \mapsto X_{a_i}^2) - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} E(A \mapsto X_{a_i}X_{a_j}) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &amp;amp;=\frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n E(A \mapsto X_{a_i}^2) - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} E(A \mapsto X_{a_i}X_{a_j}) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3774&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3774&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T14:02:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 14:02&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 123 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 123 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align}\hat{V}(X) &amp;amp;= \hat{E}(X^2) - \hat{E}(X)^2 \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align}\hat{V}(X) &amp;amp;= \hat{E}(X^2) - \hat{E}(X)^2 \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum&lt;/del&gt;{1 \leq i, j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum_&lt;/ins&gt;{1 \leq i, j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum&lt;/del&gt;{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum_&lt;/ins&gt;{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X)) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X)) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3773&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3773&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T14:02:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 14:02&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 105 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 105 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\displaystyle \frac{N-1}{N} \frac{n}{n-1}\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dans le cas de tirage sans remise (qui vaut bien &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; lorque n = N).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\displaystyle \frac{N-1}{N} \frac{n}{n-1}\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dans le cas de tirage sans remise (qui vaut bien &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; lorque n = N).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Démonstration :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Démonstration :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &#039;&#039; Calcul préalable : &#039;&#039; Soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, On définit &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variable aléatoire sur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &#039;&#039; Calcul préalable : &#039;&#039; Soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, On définit &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Y = &lt;/ins&gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variable aléatoire sur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (avec remise) ou sur &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega \setminus \{(i,i) \mid i \in \Omega\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (sans remise).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (avec remise) ou sur &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega \setminus \{(i,i) \mid i \in \Omega\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (sans remise).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; * avec remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; * avec remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&lt;/del&gt;) &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i,j \in \Omega} X_iX_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/ins&gt;) &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i,j \in \Omega} X_iX_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i \in \Omega} X_i \sum_{j \in \Omega} X_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i \in \Omega} X_i \sum_{j \in \Omega} X_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;=E(X)^2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;=E(X)^2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                           \end{align} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                           \end{align} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; * sans remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; * sans remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega ; i \neq j }X_iX_j}{N^2 - N} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega ; i \neq j }X_iX_j}{N^2 - N} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega}X_iX_j - \sum_{i \in \Omega}X_i^2}{N(N-1)} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega}X_iX_j - \sum_{i \in \Omega}X_i^2}{N(N-1)} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 122 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 122 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; On a V(X) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \{a_1,\dots,a_n\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; de taille&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; On a V(X) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \{a_1,\dots,a_n\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; de taille&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align}\hat{V}(X) &amp;amp;=\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frac&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\sum_{i=1&lt;/del&gt;}^&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n \left( X_{a_i}&lt;/del&gt; - \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frac&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\sum_{i=1&lt;/del&gt;}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^n X_{a_i}}{n} \right&lt;/del&gt;)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;^2&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}{n}&lt;/del&gt; \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align}\hat{V}(X) &amp;amp;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hat&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(X&lt;/ins&gt;^&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/ins&gt; - \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hat&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(X&lt;/ins&gt;)^2 \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n-&lt;/del&gt;1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/del&gt;X_{a_i}^2&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/del&gt; - \frac{\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum_&lt;/del&gt;{1 \leq i&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; \neq&lt;/del&gt; j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}{n^2}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt; - \frac{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1}{n^2} &lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum&lt;/ins&gt;{1 \leq i&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/ins&gt; j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; \\&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i = 1}^n X_{a_i}^2  - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j} &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X)) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-left&quot; title=&quot;Paragraphe déplacé. Cliquer pour accéder au nouvel emplacement.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_13_3_rhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_11_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X))=\frac{n-1}{n&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^2} \sum_{i \in A&lt;/del&gt;} E(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X_i&lt;/del&gt;^2) - \frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/del&gt;}{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n^2&lt;/del&gt;} \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sum_&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i \neq j \in A} &lt;/del&gt;E(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X_iX_j&lt;/del&gt;)= \frac{n-1}{n}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; E(X^2) -&lt;/del&gt; \frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/del&gt;-1}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{n} E&lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X_1X_2&lt;/del&gt;)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;        ** avec remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;\frac{n-1}{n&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;} (E(X&lt;/del&gt;^2&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/del&gt; E(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X)&lt;/del&gt;^2)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/del&gt; \frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n-&lt;/del&gt;1}{n} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/ins&gt;=\frac{n-1}{n^2&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\sum_{i = 1}^n&lt;/ins&gt; E(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A \mapsto X_{a_i}&lt;/ins&gt;^2)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; -&lt;/ins&gt; \frac{1}{n&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^2&lt;/ins&gt;} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} E&lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A \mapsto X_{a_i}X_{a_j}&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\\&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;        ** sans remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;\frac{n-1}{n} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/del&gt;E(X^2) -&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} + \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1})=&lt;/del&gt; \frac{n-1}{n} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\frac{N}{N-1}V&lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/del&gt;)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;  &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/ins&gt;=\frac{n-1}{n} E(X^2) - \frac{n-1}{n} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/ins&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; Pour finir, on utilise le résultat du calcul préalable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; * avec remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2)= \frac{n-1}{n} V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-right&quot; title=&quot;Paragraphe déplacé. Cliquer pour accéder à l’ancien emplacement.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_11_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_13_3_rhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;* sans remise : &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X))=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;\frac{n-1}{n} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/ins&gt;E(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/ins&gt;^2) -&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; E(X)^2&lt;/ins&gt; \frac{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N&lt;/ins&gt;}{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N-1&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; +&lt;/ins&gt; \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frac&lt;/ins&gt;{E(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/ins&gt;)= \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N}{N&lt;/ins&gt;-1}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/ins&gt;)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;On prend donc en général, pour estimateur sans biais de V(X) sur un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A \subset \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la valeur appelée variance empirique de Y : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;On prend donc en général, pour estimateur sans biais de V(X) sur un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A \subset \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la valeur appelée variance empirique de Y : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3772&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3772&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T13:52:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 13:52&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;= E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} - \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;= E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} - \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &#039;&#039; Fin de la démonstration &#039;&#039; Soit &amp;amp;Omega; une population de taille N, soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, on s&#039;intéresse aux échantillons de taille n. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &#039;&#039; Fin de la démonstration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/ins&gt;&#039;&#039; Soit &amp;amp;Omega; une population de taille N, soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, on s&#039;intéresse aux échantillons de taille n. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; On a V(X) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \{a_1,\dots,a_n\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; de taille&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; On a V(X) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \{a_1,\dots,a_n\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; de taille&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3771&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3771&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T13:41:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 13:41&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;= E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} - \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;= E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} - \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039; Fin de la démonstration &#039;&#039; Soit &amp;amp;Omega; une population de taille N, soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, on s&#039;intéresse aux échantillons de taille n. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&#039;&#039; Fin de la démonstration &#039;&#039; Soit &amp;amp;Omega; une population de taille N, soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, on s&#039;intéresse aux échantillons de taille n. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;On a V(X) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \{a_1,\dots,a_n}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; de taille&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;On a V(X) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \{a_1,\dots,a_n&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\&lt;/ins&gt;}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; de taille&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. Là encore, la notation &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; ne fait pas appraître le fait que cette quantité dépend de &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;. On a &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; \hat{V}(X)=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n \left( X_{a_i} - \frac{\sum_{i \in A}X_i}{n} \right) ^2}{n}= \frac{n-1}{n} \sum_{i \in A} (X_i^2) - \frac{\sum_{i \neq j \in A} X_iX_j}{n^2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; E(A &lt;/del&gt;\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mapsto &lt;/del&gt;\hat{V}(X)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/del&gt;=\frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n-1}{n^2} &lt;/del&gt;\sum_{i \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A&lt;/del&gt;}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; E(X_i^2)&lt;/del&gt; - \frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1}{n^2} &lt;/del&gt;\sum_{i&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; \neq j \in A&lt;/del&gt;} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E(X_iX_j)= \frac&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n-1&lt;/del&gt;}{n} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E(X&lt;/del&gt;^2&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;) - \frac{n-1&lt;/del&gt;}{n} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E(X_1X_2)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;begin{align}&lt;/ins&gt;\hat{V}(X)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;amp;&lt;/ins&gt;=\frac{\sum_{i&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=1}^n&lt;/ins&gt; \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;left(&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X_{a_i&lt;/ins&gt;} - \frac{\sum_{i&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=1&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^n&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X_&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a_i}&lt;/ins&gt;}{n} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\right) &lt;/ins&gt;^2}{n} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\\&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &amp;amp;= \frac{n-1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n (X_{a_i}^2) - \frac{\sum_{1 \leq i \neq j \leq n} X_{a_i}X_{a_j}}{n^2}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; D&#039;où&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(A \mapsto \hat{V}(X))=\frac{n-1}{n^2} \sum_{i \in A} E(X_i^2) - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{i \neq j \in A} E(X_iX_j)= \frac{n-1}{n} E(X^2) - \frac{n-1}{n} E(X_1X_2)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** avec remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2)= \frac{n-1}{n} V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** avec remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2)= \frac{n-1}{n} V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** sans remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} + \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1})= \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{N}{N-1}V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** sans remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} + \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1})= \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{N}{N-1}V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3770&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3770&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T13:38:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 13:38&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 104 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 104 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\displaystyle \frac{N-1}{N} \frac{n}{n-1}\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dans le cas de tirage sans remise (qui vaut bien &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; lorque n = N).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\displaystyle \frac{N-1}{N} \frac{n}{n-1}\hat{V}(X)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dans le cas de tirage sans remise (qui vaut bien &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; lorque n = N).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Démonstration :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Démonstration :&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;&#039;&#039; Calcul préalable : &#039;&#039; Soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, On définit &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variable aléatoire sur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&#039;&#039; Calcul préalable : &#039;&#039; Soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, On définit &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variable aléatoire sur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (avec remise) ou sur &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega \setminus \{(i,i) \mid i \in \Omega\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (sans remise).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (avec remise) ou sur &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega \setminus \{(i,i) \mid i \in \Omega\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (sans remise).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;* avec remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;* avec remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i,j \in \Omega} X_iX_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i,j \in \Omega} X_iX_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i \in \Omega} X_i \sum_{j \in \Omega} X_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i \in \Omega} X_i \sum_{j \in \Omega} X_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;=E(X)^2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;=E(X)^2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                           \end{align} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                           \end{align} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;* sans remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;* sans remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega ; i \neq j }X_iX_j}{N^2 - N} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega ; i \neq j }X_iX_j}{N^2 - N} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega}X_iX_j - \sum_{i \in \Omega}X_i^2}{N(N-1)} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega}X_iX_j - \sum_{i \in \Omega}X_i^2}{N(N-1)} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;= E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} - \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;= E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} - \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          \end{align}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039; Fin de la démonstration &#039;&#039; Soit &amp;amp;Omega; une population de taille N, soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, on s&#039;intéresse aux échantillons de taille n. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Soit&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;Omega;&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;population&lt;/del&gt; de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;taille&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;N,&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soit&lt;/del&gt; X &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;variable&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aléatoire&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;Omega;,&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on&lt;/del&gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s&#039;intéresse aux échantillons&lt;/del&gt; de taille n.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V(X)&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;variance&lt;/ins&gt; de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;population&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\hat{V}(&lt;/ins&gt;X&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;variance&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d&#039;un&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;échantillon&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/ins&gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\{a_1,\dots,a_n}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt; de taille &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;n&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-right&quot; title=&quot;Paragraphe déplacé. Cliquer pour accéder à l’ancien emplacement.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_11_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_8_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\hat{V}&lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X)=&lt;/ins&gt;\&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frac{\sum_{i=1}&lt;/ins&gt;^&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n \left&lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; X_{a_i} - \frac{\sum_{i \in &lt;/ins&gt;A&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;}X_i}{n} \right&lt;/ins&gt;)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; ^2}{n}&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;\frac{n-1}{n} \sum_{i \in A} (X_i^2) - \frac{\sum_{i \neq j \in A} X_iX_j}{n^2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; D&#039;où&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          On a V(x) variance de la population et &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\sigma^2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variance d&#039;un échantillon A de taille n.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\sigma^2 &lt;/del&gt;(A&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)=\frac{\sum_{i&lt;/del&gt; \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in A}&lt;/del&gt; \&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;left( X_i- \frac&lt;/del&gt;{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;\sum_{i \in A&lt;/del&gt;}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;X_i}{n} \right&lt;/del&gt;)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; ^2}{n}&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;\frac{n-1}{n} \sum_{i \in A} (X_i^2) - \frac{\sum_{i \neq j \in A} X_iX_j}{n^2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; D&#039;où&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/ins&gt;(A \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mapsto&lt;/ins&gt; \&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hat&lt;/ins&gt;{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;V&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;(X)&lt;/ins&gt;)=\frac{n-1}{n&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^2&lt;/ins&gt;} \sum_{i \in A} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/ins&gt;(X_i^2) - \frac{&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1}{n^2} &lt;/ins&gt;\sum_{i \neq j \in A} &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E(&lt;/ins&gt;X_iX_j&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)= \frac{n-1&lt;/ins&gt;}{n&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;} E(X&lt;/ins&gt;^2&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;) - \frac{n-1&lt;/ins&gt;}&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{n} E(X_1X_2)&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-left&quot; title=&quot;Paragraphe déplacé. Cliquer pour accéder au nouvel emplacement.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_8_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_11_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/del&gt;(\&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sigma&lt;/del&gt;^&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/del&gt;(A)&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/del&gt;=\frac{n-1}{n&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;^2&lt;/del&gt;} \sum_{i \in A} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/del&gt;(X_i^2) - \frac{&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1}{n^2} &lt;/del&gt;\sum_{i \neq j \in A} &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E(&lt;/del&gt;X_iX_j&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)= \frac{n-1&lt;/del&gt;}{n&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;} E(X&lt;/del&gt;^2&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;) - \frac{n-1&lt;/del&gt;}&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{n} E(X_1X_2)&lt;/del&gt;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** avec remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2)= \frac{n-1}{n} V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** avec remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2)= \frac{n-1}{n} V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** sans remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} + \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1})= \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{N}{N-1}V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          ** sans remise : &amp;lt;math&amp;gt; E(\sigma^2(A))= \frac{n-1}{n} (E(X^2) - E(X)^2 \frac{N}{N-1} + \frac{E(X^2)}{N-1})= \frac{n-1}{n} \frac{N}{N-1}V(X) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3769&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli : /* Estimateur ponctuel */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3769&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T13:34:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Estimateur ponctuel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 13:34&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 107 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 107 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &#039;&#039; Calcul préalable : &#039;&#039; Soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, On définit &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variable aléatoire sur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &#039;&#039; Calcul préalable : &#039;&#039; Soit X une variable aléatoire sur &amp;amp;Omega;, On définit &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;(i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; la variable aléatoire sur &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (avec remise) ou sur &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega \setminus \{(i,i) \mid i \in \Omega\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (sans remise).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (avec remise) ou sur &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\Omega \times \Omega \setminus \{(i,i) \mid i \in \Omega\}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; (sans remise).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          * avec remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;         &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; ** avec remise :&lt;/del&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i,j \in \Omega} X_iX_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i,j \in \Omega} X_iX_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i \in \Omega} X_i \sum_{j \in \Omega} X_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;= \frac{1}{N^2} \left( \sum_{i \in \Omega} X_i \sum_{j \in \Omega} X_j \right) \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;=E(X)^2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                                                    &amp;amp;=E(X)^2 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                           \end{align} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                           \end{align} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/del&gt;* sans remise :&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j)&lt;/del&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          * sans remise : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;          &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\begin{align} E((i,j) \mapsto X_i X_j) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega ; i \neq j }X_iX_j}{N^2 - N} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega ; i \neq j }X_iX_j}{N^2 - N} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega}X_iX_j - \sum_{i \in \Omega}X_i^2}{N(N-1)} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                &amp;amp;=\frac{\sum_{i,j \in \Omega}X_iX_j - \sum_{i \in \Omega}X_i^2}{N(N-1)} \\&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3768&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Raffalli le 27 janvier 2009 à 12:13</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://os-vps418.infomaniak.ch:1250/mediawiki/index.php?title=MATH206_:_Probabilit%C3%A9s_et_Statistiques&amp;diff=3768&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2009-01-27T12:13:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 27 janvier 2009 à 12:13&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 1 :&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 1 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Feuilles de TD : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Feuilles de TD : &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD1-MATH206.pdf 1] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD1-MATH206.pdf 1] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[http://www.lama.univ-savoie.fr/~raffalli/pdfs/TD2-MATH206.pdf 2] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Introduction==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Introduction==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Raffalli</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>